Dr. Lance Williams, scholar and author of several books on Chicago’s street organizations, brings a unique perspective to understanding gang culture through academic research combined with personal connections. As the son of an original Vice Lords founding member, Dr. Williams traces the historical evolution of Chicago’s street organizations from the Policy Kings of the early 1900s through today’s horizontal gang structures. He explains how the elimination of Policy Kings by Italian organized crime created a power vacuum that led to the emergence of Black street gangs in the late 1950s, and how groups like the Vice Lords, Disciples, and Black Stone Rangers became involved in civil rights and political movements. Dr. Williams discusses the transformation from vertically organized gangs with clear leadership to today’s fragmented cliques and crews, arguing this shift was an adaptive response to federal prosecutions that targeted gang leaders. He offers sobering analysis of current community violence intervention efforts, questioning whether the scale of investment matches the magnitude of the problem.