This week on Generating Alpha, I sat down with Antonio Gracias — one of the few true first-principles thinkers in modern business and a key architect behind some of the most transformative companies of the 21st century.A student of physics and the human brain, Gracias began his career as an operator — stepping into distressed and underperforming businesses and engineering turnarounds through discipline, systems thinking, and relentless execution. He eventually founded Valor Equity Partners, which became one of the earliest and most influential growth investors in America.At Valor, Gracias backed a generation-defining wave of companies long before they were obvious — including Tesla, SpaceX, and other frontier-technology firms that now shape global industry. Beyond capital, he played hands-on operational roles inside several of these businesses, guiding teams through scaling challenges, manufacturing complexity, and strategic inflection points.In our conversation, we spoke about his analytical approach to problem-solving, what he learned from years spent fixing broken companies, the mental models he relies on when backing founders like Elon Musk, and how he evaluates technologies that could define the next several decades.It’s a rare look inside the mindset of an investor-operator who has quietly influenced industries from electric vehicles to space exploration — and whose first-principles approach continues to shape some of the most ambitious companies on the planet.