U.S. health authorities are intensifying surveillance for bird flu as the H5N1 outbreak in dairy cattle and sporadic human infections continue to raise concern, though experts say the overall risk to the general public remains low.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that at least several dozen dairy herds across multiple U.S. states have tested positive for H5N1 in recent weeks, with infections concentrated in major milk-producing regions. According to CDC and U.S. Department of Agriculture updates, one Texas dairy worker and additional farm workers in other states have tested positive with mild symptoms after close contact with infected cattle, but there is still no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission.

The Food and Drug Administration says commercial milk remains safe because pasteurization inactivates the virus, though raw milk continues to be flagged as a potential risk. USDA officials are expanding testing and movement controls on affected herds, and federal regulators are working with states to improve worker protections on farms, including eye and respiratory protection for those in close contact with sick animals.

On the vaccine front, U.S. officials confirm that existing candidate H5N1 vaccines matched to the current strain are in the national stockpile and could be scaled up if needed. Public health agencies emphasize that seasonal flu vaccines do not protect against H5N1, but planning is underway in case a broader vaccination campaign becomes necessary.

Globally, the World Health Organization reports that highly pathogenic H5N1 continues to circulate in wild birds and poultry across Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America, with occasional spillover into mammals such as sea lions and farmed mink. WHO notes that human infections remain rare and typically tied to close contact with infected birds or animals, but it is watching the U.S. cattle situation closely because sustained spread in mammals could increase opportunities for the virus to adapt to humans.

Health experts stress that people should avoid contact with sick or dead birds and animals, not drink raw milk, and follow guidance from local health departments, but they are not recommending changes to everyday activities for the general public at this time.

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