Marian Tupy, founder of humanprogress.org, discussed the historical context of guilds in Europe and their eventual abolition by Napoleon. Tupy argued that guilds were a form of self-help and protection of intellectual property, but also served to limit competition and stifle innovation. Napoleon’s conquests and the spread of the French Revolution’s ideas led to the modernization of Europe, including the abolition of guilds and the introduction of more rationalistic legal systems. Tupi emphasized the importance of setting an example for others to follow, rather than imposing liberal values through force. He also distinguished between the French and Scottish Enlightenment, favoring the latter’s bottom-up and voluntary approach to societal progress.